MEASURING LEADERSHIP
COURSE PLANNING INFORMATION Location of this page:
http://onlineacademics.org/CA670/ -
Large Print
This
"webpage" is my gift to you! -Joan Aitken, Course Developer
Online students have this information in eCollege, but this page provides easy access to all information in one place so you can search the page if needed. You can use the table of contents. To search, use "Ctrl F" or your computer's search function.
Table of Contents
Tentative Schedule by Week 1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
Reading Summary by Week: 1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____ 8 ____
Learning Activities by Week: 1 ____ 2 ____ 3 ____ 4 ____ 5 ____ 6 ____ 7 ____
Assignments & Grading ___ Overview ___ Schedule ___Textbooks ___ Online Discussion Board___ Online Questions & Answers ___
Course Folders: Lectures/ - Measures/ - Private/
Major Assignments: Core Assessment Project ____
LPI Results Synthesis of Course Materials Due Sunday, Week 6 ____ Includes 10 Hackman & Johnson measure results, Planner, and Workbook.
Participation Assignments:
Exemplary Leader Interview, Observation, & Presentation Due Week 3 ____
Discussion board is for onground students weeks 1-8), and online students each weeks 1-6. Demonstrate active learning through posts about pre-writing, the knowledge question, video/film, K & P discussion, self-check tests, responding to others in the class, and that kind of thing.
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USE YOUR PARK EMAIL ADDRESS
I frequently email you through your Park email in this course, so check it regularly.
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WELCOME TO MEASURING LEADERSHIP! Dr. Joan E. Aitken 916-584-6785 (work) 816-569-3566 (home) Office hours in 229 Copley before and after class and by appointment. |
Scroll down for assignments by the week. Each week's lecture and activities can be access via the links on the left. The gradebook link is above. I prefer hardcopies in class, but you can upload assignments in the dropbox if you will be absent from class.
Course Folders: Lectures/ - Measures/ - Private/
EXTERNAL LINKS (Dr. Aitken's Links):
APA Writing Style Tutorial: http://onlineacademics.org/APA.html
Course Developer: Dr. Joan E. Aitken, joan.aitken@park.edu
eCollege: http://parkonline.org/
Expectations & Guidelines for Students (General Examples): http://onlineacademics.org/Guidelines.html
Grades in eCollege gradbook: http://parkonline.org/ Grading scale http://onlineacademics.org/Guidelines.html#GRADING_&_ASSIGNMENTS0
Institutional Research Board (IRB) Tutorial: http://onlineacademics.org/IRB/
Library Tutorial http://onlineacademics.org/LibraryTutorial/
Measures from LPI and Hackman & Johnson: http://onlineacademics.org/CA670/Measures
Peer-reviewed Research Articles: http://www.park.edu/library/
PowerPoint Lectures: http://onlineacademics.org/CA670/Lectures (The units may be ahead by one week)
Program Goals http://www.park.edu/grad/masters-cl-goals.aspx
Research Database Tutorial: http://onlineacademics.org/LibraryTutorial/
Survey Tutorial: http://onlineacademics.org/PS/Survey/
Tentative Syllabus located here: http://www.park.edu/syllabus/List.aspx Fall, 2008 https://www.park.edu/syllabus/syllabus.aspx?ID=203686
Unless otherwise indicated, visuals are from Microsoft or AllPosters.com
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IN ADVANCE OF CLASS:
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Read / Review this week's course materials before going to the discussion board. |
Online students Because links constantly move, I recommend using a video search engine to find the video or a comparable one you can discuss. |
Preparation IN ADVANCE
Come to the discussion board prepared! |
Participation Assignments
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LPI Reports Due (Core Assessment)
Onground Students: Hardcopy due at
beginning of class. Online Students:
See
"Assignments," link lower left of eCollege screen. |
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Week 1 Measurement |
__ If you have your books, (a) read or review course notes on Hackman and Johnson, Chapter 1 Leadership and Communication Chapter 2 Leadership and Followership Communication Styles, (b) begin the Bryce book on Enron, and (c) skim the Kouzes and Posner materials.
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Smartest Guys in the Room. This research based film about Enron will help clarify the complicated years of the company’s destruction and bring to life the key people involved. You can rent it from your local library for free or your local video store. Take notes and you’ll have enough information to talk about Enron all term. You may be able to find this film online, click here.
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__ Obtain and begin to complete leadership measure for your core assessment (Self). __ Distribute and collect 20 Observer Inventories about you from other people.
__ Begin this assignment immediately! Make an appointment with someone who is an exemplary leader. Interview the person (use a structured interview), then observe the person in an active leadership role. Assignment details, click here. Due Week 3. |
__ Self-Check Quiz
__ Discussion board for online students. |
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Week 2
5 Principles
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__ Read Kouzes
& Posner, Leadership Challenge, Part 1 and work in appropriate Planner
and Workbook sections.
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Andy Grove (Intel) is known for his leadership through adaptation and change. Find, watch, and discuss a video with him on the Internet. You may be able to access this one on iinnovate, click here. |
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Conduct leadership interview and observation this week, which you will
submit and present week 3. __ ASAP enter the information into the LPI software, look at your printout, and begin your plan for change.
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Begin communication and leadership measure(s) in Hackman and Johnson.
__ Discussion board for online students. |
Discuss / Post for first two weeks must be completed by Sunday of week 2. Access will close at midnight. |
If you have not obtained all the course materials, including the LPI Software, Planner, and Workbook by this date, you need to make arrangements with the course professor on how to proceed. |
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Week 3
Model the Way |
__ Read Kouzes
& Posner, Leadership Challenge, Part 2 and work in appropriate Planner
and Workbook sections. |
View and discuss
Enron, Skilling, or Martha Stewart.
Charlie Rose,
click here. |
__ Work on LPI analysis, workbook, planning. __ Complete communication and leadership measure(s) in Hackman and Johnson.
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__ Submit
executive summary of
Exemplary Leader
Interview,
Observation Due Week 3
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Self-Check
Quiz
__ Discussion board for online students.
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Week 4
Inspire a Vision |
__ Read Kouzes
& Posner, Leadership Challenge, Part 3 and work in appropriate Planner
and Workbook sections. |
lE-Dreams: Kozmo.com
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__ Work on leadership behavior changes based on LPI. __ Complete communication and leadership measure(s) in Hackman and Johnson. |
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Self-Check
Quiz
__ Discussion board for online students. |
IMPORTANT Make sure you have 10-20 people complete the LPI. LeadershipMeasureOther.pdf Enter the data, run it, and submit LPI Software Printout or summary.
This assignments is required before proceeding in this course. |
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Week 5
Challenge the Process |
__ Read Kouzes & Posner, Leadership Challenge, Part 4 and work in appropriate Planner and Workbook sections.
__ Read and
discuss Bryce chapters 31-40. |
View and discuss Secretary McNamara's leadership of Fog of War |
__ Work on leadership behavior changes based on LPI. __ Complete communication and leadership measure(s) in Hackman and Johnson. |
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Self-Check
Quiz
__ Discussion board for online students. |
__ Submit LPI Plan. |
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Week 6
Enable Others to Act |
__ Read Kouzes
& Posner, Leadership Challenge, Part 5 and work in appropriate Planner
and Workbook sections. |
View a video and discuss Trump's leadership in real estate and entertainment. How does he enable others to act?
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__ Work
on leadership behavior changes based on LPI.
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Review final exam study guide. |
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Self-Check
Quiz
__ Discussion board for online students. |
__ LPI Core Workshop
1. Narrative overview. |
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Week 7
Encourage the Heart |
__ Read Kouzes
& Posner, Leadership Challenge, Part 6 and 7 work in appropriate Planner
and Workbook sections. |
Discuss the leadership of Gate or Buffet or the two working together. View Bill Gates and Warren Buffet Go to School or
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Revise your core assessment if needed.
__ Prepare reflection presentation: Review course learning outcomes and practice an oral explanation of how you demonstrated that you met each outcome. |
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Self-Check
Quiz
__ Discussion board for online students if needed for extra credit. |
LPI Core Assessment Due by Tuesday, 3 PM in CO 229. |
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Week 8
Everyone as Leader |
__ Course closure. |
N/A |
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Self-Check
Quiz
__ Discussion board for online students if needed for extra credit. |
__ Reflection. Present course and LPI reflection on how you measure up to the Kouzes and Posner leadership model. Use all 8 weeks to work, so do not submit early! |
LECTURES BY WEEK OR UNIT
Week's Learning Outcomes: a. Define exemplary leadership and culture. Identify basic communication and leadership research principles through the Hackman and Johnson textbook and other relevant materials (e.g., books, journal articles).
b. Define basic concepts of statistical analysis and measurement.
c. Measure and analyze your communication and leadership behaviors by completing measures found in the Hackman and Johnson textbook and the LPI.
d. Implement more effective exemplary leadership behaviors based on the Kouzes and Posner Five Principles and other course materials.
Leadership Matters
Leadership is not a fad. It's a fact. It's not here today, gone tomorrow. It's here today, and here forever. Leadership makes a difference. Try naming one significant movement that wandered leaderless into the history books. And leadership matters most in times of uncertainty. The study of leadership is the study of how men and women guide us through adversity, uncertainty, hardship, disruption, transformation, transition, recovery, and new beginnings. Challenge is the opportunity for greatness. Given the daunting challenges we face today, the potential for greatness is phenomenal.
People matter. Even in today's wired world, it's not the web of technology but the web of people that matters most. Leaders can't do it alone. Success in any project, organization, enterprise and in life has been, is now, and will continue to be a function of how well people work and engage with each other. Success in leadership depends on your capacity to build and sustain collaborative human relationships.
You matter. People who become leaders don't always seek the challenges they face. Challenges also seek leaders. It's not so important whether you find the challenges or they find you. What is important are the choices you make when stuff happens. The next time you say to yourself, "Why don't they do something about this?" look in the mirror. Ask the person you see, "Why don't I do something about this?" The legacy that you leave will be the life that you lead.
Why is measurement important?
What are numerical scales?
An example of a nominal scale is to nam e or classify "male" or "female."Ordinal scale uses rank ( does not have the quality of equidistant units). Interval scale are equidistant units (numbers that cannot be used in mathematical operations). Ratio scale does have an absolute zero and can be used in mathematical operations.
Standard scores are derived scores that represent equal units; also known as linear scores. Here's a great page with a calculator that will convert information to standard scores, click here.
Protect yourself in communication research by understanding basics of statistics and measurement.
Normal distribution or the bell curve (below) is a symmetrical distribution with a single numerical representation for the mean, median, and mode.
Frequency distribution
is a method of determining how many times each score occurs in a set of data.
Just as measure of central tendency are used to see how sets of data cluster together around an average score, measures of dispersion are used to calculate how scores are spread from the mean. The way that scores in a set of data are spread apart is known as the variability of the scores, or how much the scores vary from each other. Variance describes the total amount that a group of scores varies in a set of data: The degree or amount of variability or dispersion in a set of scores.
Across our population, for example, we expect Intelligence Quotient (IQ) to have a normal distribution like this picture. On tests measuring intelligence, the mean IQ is 100. One hundred is also the middlemost score (median) and the most frequently occurring score (mode). In fact, more than 68% of all of the IQ scores will cluster within 1 standard deviation, or one determined typical unit, above and below the score of 100.
Notice the total percentages in each category (68% in the two middle categories and 96% in the four middle categories).
No need to feel humiliated if you don't already know this stuff. You'll get the hang of it
We also indicate the same information by standard deviations, as indicated below. The standard deviation helps the teacher determine how much distance from the mean is typical and how much is considered significant. The standard deviation of a set of data is the square root of the variance. More than 68% of the scores fall within 1 standard deviation above or below the mean. A normal distribution is symmetrical and has the same number representing the mean, median, and mode. Notice that approximately 95% of the scores are found within 2 standard deviations above and below the mean. A student within the 70-75 IQ range may be found eligible for services under the category of mental retardation if there are additional supporting data. I person with an IQ around 130 may be called "gifted."
When selecting norm-referenced tests, read the test manual and determine the size of the sample used in the norming process. Tests developed using larger samples are thought to result in scores that are more representative of the majority population.
Percentile ranks and z scores provide additional ways of looking at data. Using percentile ranks is a method of ranking each score on the continuum of the normal distribution. Percentile ranks are scores that express the percentage of people who scored as well as or lower than a given person's score. Percentiles range from the 99.9th percentile to less than the 1st percentile.
Some tests us T scores to interpret test performance. T score have an average or mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10.
No, a T score has nothing to do with being a tough-guy.
A z score indicates where a score is located in terms of standard deviation units. The mean is expressed as 0, 1 standard deviation above the mean is expressed as +1, 2 standard deviations above as +2, and so on. z scores are derived scores that are expressed in standard deviation units.
There is nothing wrong with getting prayer help for understanding z scores.
Stanines divide the scores into 9 groups of scores and are reported as 1 through 9 with a mean of 5. The standard deviation unit of stanines is 2. Deciles are scores that are reported in 10 groups ranging from a score of 10 for the lowest grouping to 100 for the highest group of scores. Each grouping represents 10% of the obtained scores. You will see the same basic information also described through percentages, percentiles, Z scores, T scores, and Standard Nine (Stanines), as represented below.
Some sets of data have to modes or two most frequently occurring scores, which is known as a bimodal distribution. A distribution with three or more modes s called a multimodal distribution. A frequency polygon is a graphic representation of how often each score occurs in a set of data.
When small samples of populations are tested or when a fairly restricted population is tested, the results may not be distributed in a normal curve. Distributions can be skewed in a positive or negative direction. When many of the scores are below the mean, the distribution is said to be positively skewed.
Reliability in assessment refers to the confidence that can be placed in an instrument to yield the same score for the same person if the test were administered more than once and to the degree with which a skill or trait is measured consistently across items of a test.
Example of low reliability regarding watch dog protection.
Correlation is a statistical method of observing or calculating the degree of relationship between two sets of data on two variables. There are three types of correlations between variables: positive, negative, and no relationship. The degree of relationship between two variables is expressed by a correlation coefficient (r). The correlation coefficient will be a number between +1.00 and -1.00. r values of -.78 and +.78 are of equal strength.
There is usually a positive correlation for being a ferocious dog and eating baby bunnies. There is usually an inverse or negative correlation between being a ferocious dog and being a baby bunny.
A scattergram is a graphic representation of a correlation. The closer the dots approximate a straight line the nearer to perfect the correlation.
What are methods of measuring
reliability?
Internal consistency is the consistency of the items on an instrument to measure a skill, trait, or domain.
When a respondent says he is a hot dog on one question and a giraffe on another question, the test has low internal consistency.
Test-retest reliability is a study that employs the administration of a single instrument to check for consistency across time.
When retaking a test, and individual may remember certain items. This practice effect most likely would cause the scores to be higher on the second administration.
If the dog says she is a blonde the first time she takes the test and a red-head the second time she takes the test, we suspect poor test-retest reliability.
Equivalent forms reliability AKA alternate forms reliability is consistency of a test to measure some domain, traits, or skill using like forms of the same instrument. The items are matched for difficulty on each test. During the reliability study, each person is administered both forms, and the scores obtained on one form of the test are then paired with the scores obtained on the equivalent form.
Split-half reliability is a method of checking the consistency across items by halving a test and administering two half-forms of the same test. Because most tests have the items arranged sequentially, from the easiest items at the beginning of the test to the most difficult items at the end, the tests are typically split by pulling every other item, which then allows for a single administration of the instrument.
These are not an example of split half reliability because these are actually two different dogs.
Kuder-Richardson (K-R) 20 is a formula used to check consistency across items of an instrument with right/wrong responses. An advantage is a single test administration.
When the subject's self concept suggests a princess fantasy, we can say the test has external validity in this case. The test reported what it purports to measure, and thus has external validity.
Coefficient alpha is a formula used to check consistency across terms of an instrument with responses with varying credit.
Coefficient alpha is not to be confused with alpha dog. Or maybe it is.
Interrater reliability is the consistency of a test to measure a skill, trait, or domain across examiners. This can be accomplished by administering the test and then having an objective scorer also score the test results. This information is especially important when tests with a great deal of subjectivity are used in making educational decisions.
An adequate reliability coefficient would be .60 or greater, and a high degree of reliability would be above .80. For example, if the examiner is interested in measuring a trait over time, the examiner should select an instrument in which the reliability or consistency over time had been studied. The calculation of the reliability coefficient is a group statistic and can be influenced by the makeup of the group.
These two dogs have high inter-rater reliability because they both came up with the same answer.
What is standard error of measurement? Obtained score = True score + Error Obtained score - True score = Error
To estimate the amount of error present in an individual obtained score, the standard error of measurement must be obtained and applied to each score. The standard deviation and the reliability coefficient of the instrument are used to calculate the standard error of measurement.
Oh yes, Error exists!
Confidence interval is the range of scores for an obtained score determined by adding and subtracting standard error of measurement unit. Using the standard error of measurement to judge the test's quality is more important than reliability. Some testing practitioners fail to consider possible test error when interpreting test results of a person being evaluated.
Estimated true score is a method of calculating the amount of error correlated with the distance of the score from the mean of the group. The father from a test mean a particular person's score is, the greater the change for error within the obtained score. The estimated true score can be used to establish a range of scores by using the standard error of measurement for the estimate true score. All test scores contain error.
Definitely, there is test error in this case.
What is test validity?
Criterion-related validity is the statistical method of comparing an instrument's ability to measure a skill, trait, or domain with an existing instrument or other criterion. This method compares its scores with other criteria known to be indicators of the same trait or skill that the test developer wishes to measure.
Concurrent validity is a comparison of one instrument with another within a short period of time, typically the same day.
Predictive validity is a measure of how well an instrument can predict performance at a later date on some other variable.
Content validity occurs when the items contained within the test are representative of the content purposed to be measured. For a test to have good content validity, it must contain the content in a representative fashion. Presentation format is the method by which items of an instrument are presented to an individual. Response mode is the method required for the examinee to answer items of an instrument.< |