The following are environmental modifications to improve social skills and school survival skills:  homework modifications, managing routines, and instructional modifications.

Studies have shown that caring relationships and high expectations contribute to improved test scores.
To reduce aggressive behaviors, a teacher may need to modify and adapt academic instruction.
When teachers insist on having the last word with angry students, they contribute to the risk of aggression.
A readiness drill helps the classroom teacher to get help without delay and safeguard the other children in the classroom.
Students with EBD are the most likely of any group of students with disabilities to be educated in settings outside the educational mainstream.
The cornerstones of positive behavior support are:
Functional behavioral assessments (FBA)
Positive behavioral intervention planning (BIP)
For each problem, identify a prevention
Teach rules, adapt/create routines, change physical environment, add supervision
Research-based Instructional Practices
Brisk instructional pacing
Frequent review of students’ work
Systematic and constructive corrective feedback
Minimize pupil errors
Praise correct responding
Offer guided practice
Model new behaviors
Provide transitions between lessons and concepts
Monitor student progress
Stimulus control —relationship in which the antecedent (instruction) causes (cues) the behavior (student response)
Discriminative stimulus —a stimulus that will reliably result in a desired behavior
Example: After teaching the desired behavior, the teacher asks a question (discriminative stimulus) and students raise their hands
Goal of classroom behavior management
Develop stimulus control over pupil behavior
Prevent problem situations from occurring

Differential Reinforcement
Procedure involves increasing reinforcement for replacement behaviors while reducing or eliminating reinforcement for unwanted behaviors
Term reinforcement means increasing a behavior

Negative reinforcement increases the frequency of behaviors to which it is applied.
Purpose (Reason for the assessment)
The purposes of the assessments are to:
Identify problem behavior and determine whether intervention is warranted (is it needed?)
Analyze the problem in terms of the context(s) in which it occurs
Develop hypotheses about the factors that may be causing or contributing to the problem (examine Antecedents - Behavior - Consequences)
Develop potential intervention strategies that address the relevant characteristics.
Design the interviention:

Larry P. v Riles, 1979 case was an instrumental in preventing unfair placement based on identification, assessment, and evaluation methods. 

Form of language

1. Syntax—rules governing how we put words together.  A big part is the agreed upon rules.  Culture, background, sensitivity toward the language.

2. Morphology has to do with the meaning of language or context it takes.  Morpheme counting is a way of figuring out the complexity of someone’s language.  Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning.  The word baseball has two units of meaning.  Basement has one unit of meaning.  Baseballs, 3 units of meaning because a bound morpheme.  We have bound morphemes and free morphemes.  A free morpheme is like baseball because every one of the morphemes in it stands alone.  A bound morpheme is when an “s” (plural)  changes the meaning of the word, thus we change the numerical content, so the “s” is considered a morpheme.  Morphemes are the smallest units of language that carry meaning; they are combined to create words.  Some words consist of a single morpheme (e.g., school), but many words comprise two or more morphemes, such as schools (two morphemes--school + s) and preschools (three morphemes--pre + school + s).

3. Phonology (form) refers to the rules of language governing the sounds used to make syllables and words.  Every language has a relatively small number of meaningful sounds or phonemes.  General American English relies on the combination of 15 vowels and 24 consonants to create about 100,000 words. Phoneme is the smallest unit of physical sound that can signal a meaning. 

The brain’s most important function is the ability to process sensory impulses into meaningful information and to organize an appropriate motor response (Ayres 1973).

Chomsky contended that the capacity for acquiring language is innate in humans and unfolds in relatively universal ways.  Nature
Empiricism --Locke-- holds that the child's mind is a blank slate, on which experience is impressed.  Nurture
Social Interactionists contend that the interaction of biological abilities and environmental influences accounts for language development.
English There are 26 letters, variant and invariant sounds, silent letters, 300 different letter combinations for 17 vowel sounds, and words of foreign origin.  44 phonemes and 500 spellings.

Morphology is the set of rules governing how phonemes are combined into syllables and words to convey meaning,
Morphemes are the smallest grammatical units that carry meaning

Mabel L. Rice – Nature/Nurture

Voc Rehab Act is an access law. Children often served under 504. No funding attached. No overt services to pay for. Allows for notetakers, a locker on the end of the row, extra test time. You can write a 504 plan for accommodations, but no actual services.

Legislation

PL 94-142
1975

Comes out of penal code. Being in prison is a restriction of civil rights. General education classroom would be the main place to be.

IDEA 1990

Applies primarily to the workplace, but generally doesn't apply to the students.

Not all districts have social workers, so won't include social work services.

You can't say a kid can't come to school (zero exclusion). No one gets excluded. Not allowed to set quotas. Can group students with unusual disabilities.

IDEA 1997